Palakasin ang pag-uuri ng mga feature gamit ang projected quantum kernels
Tinatayang paggamit: 80 minuto sa isang Heron r3 processor (TANDAAN: Tinatayang halaga lamang ito. Maaaring mag-iba ang inyong runtime.)
Sa tutorial na ito, ipinapakita namin kung paano patakbuhin ang isang projected quantum kernel (PQK) gamit ang Qiskit sa isang tunay na biological dataset, batay sa papel na Enhanced Prediction of CAR T-Cell Cytotoxicity with Quantum-Kernel Methods [1].
Ang PQK ay isang pamamaraan na ginagamit sa quantum machine learning (QML) upang i-encode ang klasikal na data sa isang quantum feature space at i-project ito pabalik sa klasikal na domain, sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga quantum computer upang mapabuti ang pagpili ng feature. Kabilang dito ang pag-encode ng klasikal na data sa mga quantum state gamit ang isang quantum circuit, karaniwang sa pamamagitan ng prosesong tinatawag na feature mapping, kung saan ang data ay binabago sa isang mataas na dimensional na Hilbert space. Ang aspetong "projected" ay tumutukoy sa pagkuha ng klasikal na impormasyon mula sa mga quantum state, sa pamamagitan ng pagsukat ng mga tiyak na observable, upang bumuo ng isang kernel matrix na magagamit sa mga klasikal na kernel-based na algorithm tulad ng support vector machines. Ginagamit ng pamamaraang ito ang mga computational na kalamangan ng mga quantum system upang posibleng makamit ang mas magandang pagganap sa ilang mga gawain kumpara sa mga klasikal na pamamaraan.
Ipinapalagay din ng tutorial na ito ang pangkalahatang pamilyaridad sa mga pamamaraan ng QML. Para sa karagdagang pag-aaral ng QML, sumangguni sa kursong Quantum machine learning sa IBM Quantum Learning.
Mga Kinakailangan
Bago simulan ang tutorial na ito, tiyakin na naka-install ang mga sumusunod:
- Qiskit SDK v2.0 o mas bago, na may suporta sa visualization
- Qiskit Runtime v0.40 o mas bago (
pip install qiskit-ibm-runtime) - Category encoders 2.8.1 (
pip install category-encoders) - NumPy 2.3.2 (
pip install numpy) - Pandas 2.3.2 (
pip install pandas) - Scikit-learn 1.7.1 (
pip install scikit-learn) - Tqdm 4.67.1 (
pip install tqdm)
Setup
# Added by doQumentation — installs packages not in the Binder environment
%pip install -q category-encoders scikit-learn tqdm
import warnings
# Standard libraries
import os
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# Machine learning and data processing
import category_encoders as ce
from scipy.linalg import inv, sqrtm
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import rbf_kernel
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV, StratifiedKFold
from sklearn.svm import SVC
# Qiskit and Qiskit Runtime
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.circuit import ParameterVector
from qiskit.circuit.library import UnitaryGate, ZZFeatureMap
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp, random_unitary
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import (
Batch,
EstimatorOptions,
EstimatorV2 as Estimator,
QiskitRuntimeService,
)
# Progress bar
import tqdm
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
Hakbang 1: I-map ang mga klasikal na input sa isang quantum na problema
Paghahanda ng Dataset
Sa tutorial na ito, gumagamit tayo ng isang tunay na biological dataset para sa isang binary classification na gawain, na nabuo nina Daniels et al. (2022) at maaaring i-download mula sa supplementary material na kasama ng papel. Ang data ay binubuo ng mga CAR T-cell, na mga genetically engineered T-cell na ginagamit sa immunotherapy upang gamutin ang ilang mga kanser. Ang mga T-cell, isang uri ng immune cell, ay binabago sa laboratoryo upang magpahayag ng mga chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) na nagta-target ng mga tiyak na protina sa mga cancer cell. Ang mga binagong T-cell na ito ay makakakilala at makakasira ng mga cancer cell nang mas epektibo. Ang mga feature ng data ay ang mga CAR T-cell motif, na tumutukoy sa tiyak na istruktura o functional na bahagi ng CAR na naka-engineer sa mga T-cell. Batay sa mga motif na ito, ang aming gawain ay hulaan ang cytotoxicity ng isang ibinigay na CAR T-cell, ina-label ito bilang toxic o non-toxic. Ipinapakita ng sumusunod ang mga helper function upang i-preprocess ang dataset na ito.
def preprocess_data(dir_root, args):
"""
Preprocess the training and test data.
"""
# Read from the csv files
train_data = pd.read_csv(
os.path.join(dir_root, args["file_train_data"]),
encoding="unicode_escape",
sep=",",
)
test_data = pd.read_csv(
os.path.join(dir_root, args["file_test_data"]),
encoding="unicode_escape",
sep=",",
)
# Fix the last motif ID
train_data[train_data == 17] = 14
train_data.columns = [
"Cell Number",
"motif",
"motif.1",
"motif.2",
"motif.3",
"motif.4",
"Nalm 6 Cytotoxicity",
]
test_data[test_data == 17] = 14
test_data.columns = [
"Cell Number",
"motif",
"motif.1",
"motif.2",
"motif.3",
"motif.4",
"Nalm 6 Cytotoxicity",
]
# Adjust motif at the third position
if args["filter_for_spacer_motif_third_position"]:
train_data = train_data[
(train_data["motif.2"] == 14) | (train_data["motif.2"] == 0)
]
test_data = test_data[
(test_data["motif.2"] == 14) | (test_data["motif.2"] == 0)
]
train_data = train_data[
args["motifs_to_use"] + [args["label_name"], "Cell Number"]
]
test_data = test_data[
args["motifs_to_use"] + [args["label_name"], "Cell Number"]
]
# Adjust motif at the last position
if not args["allow_spacer_motif_last_position"]:
last_motif = args["motifs_to_use"][len(args["motifs_to_use"]) - 1]
train_data = train_data[
(train_data[last_motif] != 14) & (train_data[last_motif] != 0)
]
test_data = test_data[
(test_data[last_motif] != 14) & (test_data[last_motif] != 0)
]
# Get the labels
train_labels = np.array(train_data[args["label_name"]])
test_labels = np.array(test_data[args["label_name"]])
# For the classification task use the threshold to binarize labels
train_labels[train_labels > args["label_binarization_threshold"]] = 1
train_labels[train_labels < 1] = args["min_label_value"]
test_labels[test_labels > args["label_binarization_threshold"]] = 1
test_labels[test_labels < 1] = args["min_label_value"]
# Reduce data to just the motifs of interest
train_data = train_data[args["motifs_to_use"]]
test_data = test_data[args["motifs_to_use"]]
# Get the class and motif counts
min_class = np.min(np.unique(np.concatenate([train_data, test_data])))
max_class = np.max(np.unique(np.concatenate([train_data, test_data])))
num_class = max_class - min_class + 1
num_motifs = len(args["motifs_to_use"])
print(str(max_class) + ":" + str(min_class) + ":" + str(num_class))
train_data = train_data - min_class
test_data = test_data - min_class
return (
train_data,
test_data,
train_labels,
test_labels,
num_class,
num_motifs,
)
def data_encoder(args, train_data, test_data, num_class, num_motifs):
"""
Use one-hot or binary encoding for classical data representation.
"""
if args["encoder"] == "one-hot":
# Transform to one-hot encoding
train_data = np.eye(num_class)[train_data]
test_data = np.eye(num_class)[test_data]
train_data = train_data.reshape(
train_data.shape[0], train_data.shape[1] * train_data.shape[2]
)
test_data = test_data.reshape(
test_data.shape[0], test_data.shape[1] * test_data.shape[2]
)
elif args["encoder"] == "binary":
# Transform to binary encoding
encoder = ce.BinaryEncoder()
base_array = np.unique(np.concatenate([train_data, test_data]))
base = pd.DataFrame(base_array).astype("category")
base.columns = ["motif"]
for motif_name in args["motifs_to_use"][1:]:
base[motif_name] = base.loc[:, "motif"]
encoder.fit(base)
train_data = encoder.transform(train_data.astype("category"))
test_data = encoder.transform(test_data.astype("category"))
train_data = np.reshape(
train_data.values, (train_data.shape[0], num_motifs, -1)
)
test_data = np.reshape(
test_data.values, (test_data.shape[0], num_motifs, -1)
)
train_data = train_data.reshape(
train_data.shape[0], train_data.shape[1] * train_data.shape[2]
)
test_data = test_data.reshape(
test_data.shape[0], test_data.shape[1] * test_data.shape[2]
)
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid encoding type.")
return train_data, test_data
Maaari ninyong patakbuhin ang tutorial na ito sa pamamagitan ng pagpapatakbo ng sumusunod na cell, na awtomatikong lumilikha ng kinakailangang istraktura ng folder at nagda-download ng parehong training at test na file nang direkta sa inyong environment. Kung mayroon na kayong mga file na ito nang lokal, ligtas na ibe-overwrite ng hakbang na ito ang mga ito upang matiyak ang pagkakatugma ng bersyon.
## Download dataset
# Create data directory if it doesn't exist
!mkdir -p data_tutorial/pqk
# Download the training and test sets from the official Qiskit documentation repo
!wget -q --show-progress -O data_tutorial/pqk/train_data.csv \
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Qiskit/documentation/main/datasets/tutorials/pqk/train_data.csv
!wget -q --show-progress -O data_tutorial/pqk/test_data.csv \
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Qiskit/documentation/main/datasets/tutorials/pqk/test_data.csv
!wget -q --show-progress -O data_tutorial/pqk/projections_train.csv \
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Qiskit/documentation/main/datasets/tutorials/pqk/projections_train.csv
!wget -q --show-progress -O data_tutorial/pqk/projections_test.csv \
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Qiskit/documentation/main/datasets/tutorials/pqk/projections_test.csv
# Check the files have been downloaded
!echo "Dataset files downloaded:"
!ls -lh data_tutorial/pqk/*.csv
args = {
"file_train_data": "train_data.csv",
"file_test_data": "test_data.csv",
"motifs_to_use": ["motif", "motif.1", "motif.2", "motif.3"],
"label_name": "Nalm 6 Cytotoxicity",
"label_binarization_threshold": 0.62,
"filter_for_spacer_motif_third_position": False,
"allow_spacer_motif_last_position": True,
"min_label_value": -1,
"encoder": "one-hot",
}
dir_root = "./"
# Preprocess data
train_data, test_data, train_labels, test_labels, num_class, num_motifs = (
preprocess_data(dir_root=dir_root, args=args)
)
# Encode the data
train_data, test_data = data_encoder(
args, train_data, test_data, num_class, num_motifs
)
14:0:15
Bina-transform din namin ang dataset upang ang ay katawanin bilang para sa mga layunin ng pag-scale.
# Change 1 to pi/2
angle = np.pi / 2
tmp = pd.DataFrame(train_data).astype("float64")
tmp[tmp == 1] = angle
train_data = tmp.values
tmp = pd.DataFrame(test_data).astype("float64")
tmp[tmp == 1] = angle
test_data = tmp.values
Bini-verify namin ang mga laki at hugis ng mga training at test dataset.
print(train_data.shape, train_labels.shape)
print(test_data.shape, test_labels.shape)
(172, 60) (172,)
(74, 60) (74,)
Hakbang 2: I-optimize ang problema para sa pagpapatakbo sa quantum hardware
Quantum circuit
Binubuo na namin ngayon ang feature map na nag-e-embed ng aming klasikal na dataset sa isang feature space na may mas mataas na dimensyon. Para sa pag-embed na ito, ginagamit namin ang ZZFeatureMap mula sa Qiskit.
feature_dimension = train_data.shape[1]
reps = 24
insert_barriers = True
entanglement = "pairwise"
# ZZFeatureMap with linear entanglement and a repetition of 2
embed = ZZFeatureMap(
feature_dimension=feature_dimension,
reps=reps,
entanglement=entanglement,
insert_barriers=insert_barriers,
name="ZZFeatureMap",
)
embed.decompose().draw(output="mpl", style="iqp", fold=-1)
Isa pang opsyon sa quantum embedding ay ang 1D-Heisenberg Hamiltonian evolution ansatz. Maaari ninyong laktawan ang pagpapatakbo ng seksyong ito kung nais ninyong magpatuloy gamit ang ZZFeatureMap.
feature_dimension = train_data.shape[1]
num_qubits = feature_dimension + 1
embed2 = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
num_trotter_steps = 6
pv_length = feature_dimension * num_trotter_steps
pv = ParameterVector("theta", pv_length)
# Add Haar random single qubit unitary to each qubit as initial state
np.random.seed(42)
seeds_unitary = np.random.randint(0, 100, num_qubits)
for i in range(num_qubits):
rand_gate = UnitaryGate(random_unitary(2, seed=seeds_unitary[i]))
embed2.append(rand_gate, [i])
def trotter_circ(feature_dimension, num_trotter_steps):
num_qubits = feature_dimension + 1
circ = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits)
# Even
for i in range(0, feature_dimension, 2):
circ.rzz(2 * pv[i] / num_trotter_steps, i, i + 1)
for i in range(0, feature_dimension, 2):
circ.rxx(2 * pv[i] / num_trotter_steps, i, i + 1)
for i in range(0, feature_dimension, 2):
circ.ryy(2 * pv[i] / num_trotter_steps, i, i + 1)
# Odd
for i in range(1, feature_dimension, 2):
circ.rzz(2 * pv[i] / num_trotter_steps, i, i + 1)
for i in range(1, feature_dimension, 2):
circ.rxx(2 * pv[i] / num_trotter_steps, i, i + 1)
for i in range(1, feature_dimension, 2):
circ.ryy(2 * pv[i] / num_trotter_steps, i, i + 1)
return circ
# Hamiltonian evolution ansatz
for step in range(num_trotter_steps):
circ = trotter_circ(feature_dimension, num_trotter_steps)
if step % 2 == 0:
embed2 = embed2.compose(circ)
else:
reverse_circ = circ.reverse_ops()
embed2 = embed2.compose(reverse_circ)
embed2.draw(output="mpl", style="iqp", fold=-1)
Hakbang 3: I-execute gamit ang mga Qiskit primitive
Sukatin ang mga 1-RDM
Ang mga pangunahing bahagi ng mga projected quantum kernel ay ang mga reduced density matrix (RDM), na nakukuha sa pamamagitan ng mga projective na pagsukat ng quantum feature map. Sa hakbang na ito, kinukuha natin ang lahat ng single-qubit reduced density matrix (1-RDM), na kalaunan ay ipapasok sa klasikal na exponential kernel function.
Tingnan natin kung paano kalkulahin ang 1-RDM para sa isang solong data point mula sa dataset bago natin ulitin ito para sa lahat ng data. Ang mga 1-RDM ay koleksyon ng mga single-qubit na pagsukat ng mga Pauli operator na X, Y at Z sa lahat ng qubit. Ito ay dahil ang isang single-qubit na RDM ay maaaring ganap na ipahayag bilang:
Una, pipili tayo ng backend na gagamitin.
service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.least_busy(
operational=True, simulator=False, min_num_qubits=133
)
target = backend.target
Pagkatapos ay pinapatakbo natin ang quantum circuit at sinusukat ang mga projection. Tandaan na binubuksan natin ang error mitigation, kasama ang Zero Noise Extrapolation (ZNE).
# Let's select the ZZFeatureMap embedding for this example
qc = embed
num_qubits = feature_dimension
# Identity operator on all qubits
id = "I" * num_qubits
# Let's select the first training datapoint as an example
parameters = train_data[0]
# Bind parameter to the circuit and simplify it
qc_bound = qc.assign_parameters(parameters)
transpiler = generate_preset_pass_manager(
optimization_level=3, basis_gates=["u3", "cz"]
)
transpiled_circuit = transpiler.run(qc_bound)
# Transpile for hardware
transpiler = generate_preset_pass_manager(optimization_level=3, target=target)
transpiled_circuit = transpiler.run(transpiled_circuit)
# We group all commuting observables
# These groups are the Pauli X, Y and Z operators on individual qubits
observables_x = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "X" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
observables_y = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "Y" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
observables_z = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "Z" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
# We define the primitive unified blocs (PUBs) consisting of the embedding circuit,
# set of observables and the circuit parameters
pub_x = (transpiled_circuit, observables_x)
pub_y = (transpiled_circuit, observables_y)
pub_z = (transpiled_circuit, observables_z)
# Experiment options for error mitigation
num_randomizations = 300
shots_per_randomization = 100
noise_factors = [1, 3, 5]
experimental_opts = {}
experimental_opts["resilience"] = {
"measure_mitigation": True,
"zne_mitigation": True,
"zne": {
"noise_factors": noise_factors,
"amplifier": "gate_folding",
"extrapolated_noise_factors": [0] + noise_factors,
},
}
experimental_opts["twirling"] = {
"num_randomizations": num_randomizations,
"shots_per_randomization": shots_per_randomization,
"strategy": "active-accum",
}
# We define and run the estimator to obtain <X>, <Y> and <Z> on all qubits
estimator = Estimator(mode=backend, options=experimental_opts)
job = estimator.run([pub_x, pub_y, pub_z])
Susunod ay kinukuha natin ang mga resulta.
job_result_x = job.result()[0].data.evs
job_result_y = job.result()[1].data.evs
job_result_z = job.result()[2].data.evs
print(job_result_x)
print(job_result_y)
print(job_result_z)
[ 3.67865951e-03 1.01158571e-02 -3.95790878e-02 6.33984326e-03
1.86035759e-02 -2.91533268e-02 -1.06374793e-01 4.48873518e-18
4.70201764e-02 3.53997968e-02 2.53130819e-02 3.23903401e-02
6.06327843e-03 1.16313667e-02 -1.12387504e-02 -3.18457725e-02
-4.16445718e-04 -1.45609602e-03 -4.21737114e-01 2.83705669e-02
6.91332890e-03 -7.45363001e-02 -1.20139326e-02 -8.85566135e-02
-3.22648394e-02 -3.24228074e-02 6.20431299e-04 3.04225434e-03
5.72795792e-03 1.11288428e-02 1.50395861e-01 9.18380197e-02
1.02553163e-01 2.98312847e-02 -3.30298912e-01 -1.13979648e-01
4.49159340e-03 8.63861493e-02 3.05666566e-02 2.21463145e-04
1.45946735e-02 8.54537275e-03 -8.09805979e-02 -2.92608104e-02
-3.91243644e-02 -3.96632760e-02 -1.41187613e-01 -1.07363243e-01
1.81089440e-02 2.70778895e-02 1.45139414e-02 2.99480458e-02
4.99137134e-02 7.08789852e-02 4.30565759e-02 8.71287156e-02
1.04334798e-01 7.72191962e-02 7.10059720e-02 1.04650403e-01]
[-7.31765102e-05 7.42669174e-03 9.82277344e-03 5.92638249e-02
4.24120486e-02 -9.06473416e-03 4.55057675e-03 8.43494094e-03
6.92097339e-02 -6.82234424e-02 6.13509008e-02 3.94200491e-02
-1.24037979e-02 1.01976642e-01 7.90538600e-03 -7.19726160e-02
-1.19501703e-16 -1.03796614e-02 7.37382463e-02 1.97238568e-01
-3.59250635e-02 -2.67554009e-02 3.55010633e-02 7.68877990e-02
6.50677589e-05 -6.59298767e-03 -1.23719487e-02 -6.41938151e-02
1.95603072e-02 -2.48448551e-02 5.17784810e-02 -5.93767100e-02
3.11897681e-02 -3.91959720e-18 -4.47769148e-03 1.39202197e-01
-6.56387523e-02 -5.85665483e-02 9.52905894e-03 -8.61460731e-02
3.91790656e-02 -1.27544375e-01 1.63712244e-01 3.36816934e-04
2.26230028e-02 -2.45023393e-05 4.95635588e-03 1.44779564e-01
3.71625177e-02 3.65675948e-03 2.83694017e-02 -7.10500602e-02
-1.15467702e-01 6.21712129e-03 -4.80958959e-02 2.21021066e-02
7.99062499e-02 -1.87164076e-02 -3.67100369e-02 -2.38923731e-02]
[ 6.85871605e-01 5.07725024e-01 8.71024642e-03 3.34823455e-02
4.58684961e-02 9.44384189e-17 -4.46829296e-02 -2.91296778e-02
4.15466461e-02 2.89628330e-02 1.88624017e-03 5.37110446e-02
2.59579053e-03 1.39327071e-02 -2.90781778e-02 5.07209866e-03
5.83403000e-02 2.60764440e-02 4.45999706e-17 -6.66701417e-03
3.03215873e-01 2.26172533e-02 2.43105960e-02 4.98861041e-18
-2.45530791e-02 6.26940708e-02 1.21058073e-02 2.76675948e-04
2.63980996e-02 2.58302364e-02 7.47856723e-02 8.42728943e-02
5.70989097e-02 6.92955086e-02 -5.68313712e-03 1.32199452e-01
8.90511238e-02 -3.45204621e-02 -1.05445836e-01 6.03864150e-03
2.16291384e-02 8.22303162e-03 1.00856715e-02 6.28973151e-02
6.26727169e-02 6.15399206e-02 9.67320897e-02 1.03045269e-16
1.79688783e-01 -1.59960520e-02 -1.15422952e-02 9.60200470e-03
6.58396672e-02 7.78329830e-03 6.53226955e-02 2.45778685e-03
4.36694753e-03 5.75098762e-03 -2.48896201e-02 8.33740755e-05]
Inilalabas natin ang laki ng circuit at ang lalim ng two-qubit gate.
print(f"qubits: {qc.num_qubits}")
print(
f"2q-depth: {transpiled_circuit.depth(lambda x: x.operation.num_qubits==2)}"
)
print(
f"2q-size: {transpiled_circuit.size(lambda x: x.operation.num_qubits==2)}"
)
print(f"Operator counts: {transpiled_circuit.count_ops()}")
transpiled_circuit.draw("mpl", fold=-1, style="clifford", idle_wires=False)
qubits: 60
2q-depth: 64
2q-size: 1888
Operator counts: OrderedDict({'rz': 6016, 'sx': 4576, 'cz': 1888, 'x': 896, 'barrier': 31})
Maaari na tayong mag-loop sa buong training dataset upang makuha ang lahat ng 1-RDM.
Ibinibigay din natin ang mga resulta mula sa isang eksperimento na aming pinatakbo sa aktwal na quantum hardware. Maaari mong patakbuhin ang training sa iyong sarili sa pamamagitan ng pagtatakda ng flag sa ibaba sa True, o gamitin ang mga resulta ng projection na aming ibinibigay.
# Set this to True if you want to run the training on hardware
run_experiment = False
# Identity operator on all qubits
id = "I" * num_qubits
# projections_train[i][j][k] will be the expectation value of the j-th Pauli operator (0: X, 1: Y, 2: Z)
# of datapoint i on qubit k
projections_train = []
jobs_train = []
# Experiment options for error mitigation
num_randomizations = 300
shots_per_randomization = 100
noise_factors = [1, 3, 5]
experimental_opts = {}
experimental_opts["resilience"] = {
"measure_mitigation": True,
"zne_mitigation": True,
"zne": {
"noise_factors": noise_factors,
"amplifier": "gate_folding",
"return_all_extrapolated": True,
"return_unextrapolated": True,
"extrapolated_noise_factors": [0] + noise_factors,
},
}
experimental_opts["twirling"] = {
"num_randomizations": num_randomizations,
"shots_per_randomization": shots_per_randomization,
"strategy": "active-accum",
}
options = EstimatorOptions(experimental=experimental_opts)
if run_experiment:
with Batch(backend=backend):
for i in tqdm.tqdm(
range(len(train_data)), desc="Training data progress"
):
# Get training sample
parameters = train_data[i]
# Bind parameter to the circuit and simplify it
qc_bound = qc.assign_parameters(parameters)
transpiler = generate_preset_pass_manager(
optimization_level=3, basis_gates=["u3", "cz"]
)
transpiled_circuit = transpiler.run(qc_bound)
# Transpile for hardware
transpiler = generate_preset_pass_manager(
optimization_level=3, target=target
)
transpiled_circuit = transpiler.run(transpiled_circuit)
# We group all commuting observables
# These groups are the Pauli X, Y and Z operators on individual qubits
observables_x = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "X" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
observables_y = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "Y" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
observables_z = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "Z" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
# We define the primitive unified blocs (PUBs) consisting of the embedding circuit,
# set of observables and the circuit parameters
pub_x = (transpiled_circuit, observables_x)
pub_y = (transpiled_circuit, observables_y)
pub_z = (transpiled_circuit, observables_z)
# We define and run the estimator to obtain <X>, <Y> and <Z> on all qubits
estimator = Estimator(options=options)
job = estimator.run([pub_x, pub_y, pub_z])
jobs_train.append(job)
Training data progress: 100%|██████████| 172/172 [13:03<00:00, 4.55s/it]
Kapag nakumpleto na ang mga job, maaari na nating kunin ang mga resulta.
if run_experiment:
for i in tqdm.tqdm(
range(len(train_data)), desc="Retrieving training data results"
):
# Completed job
job = jobs_train[i]
# Job results
job_result_x = job.result()[0].data.evs
job_result_y = job.result()[1].data.evs
job_result_z = job.result()[2].data.evs
# Record <X>, <Y> and <Z> on all qubits for the current datapoint
projections_train.append([job_result_x, job_result_y, job_result_z])
Inuulit natin ito para sa test set.
# Identity operator on all qubits
id = "I" * num_qubits
# projections_test[i][j][k] will be the expectation value of the j-th Pauli operator (0: X, 1: Y, 2: Z)
# of datapoint i on qubit k
projections_test = []
jobs_test = []
# Experiment options for error mitigation
num_randomizations = 300
shots_per_randomization = 100
noise_factors = [1, 3, 5]
experimental_opts = {}
experimental_opts["resilience"] = {
"measure_mitigation": True,
"zne_mitigation": True,
"zne": {
"noise_factors": noise_factors,
"amplifier": "gate_folding",
"return_all_extrapolated": True,
"return_unextrapolated": True,
"extrapolated_noise_factors": [0] + noise_factors,
},
}
experimental_opts["twirling"] = {
"num_randomizations": num_randomizations,
"shots_per_randomization": shots_per_randomization,
"strategy": "active-accum",
}
options = EstimatorOptions(experimental=experimental_opts)
if run_experiment:
with Batch(backend=backend):
for i in tqdm.tqdm(range(len(test_data)), desc="Test data progress"):
# Get test sample
parameters = test_data[i]
# Bind parameter to the circuit and simplify it
qc_bound = qc.assign_parameters(parameters)
transpiler = generate_preset_pass_manager(
optimization_level=3, basis_gates=["u3", "cz"]
)
transpiled_circuit = transpiler.run(qc_bound)
# Transpile for hardware
transpiler = generate_preset_pass_manager(
optimization_level=3, target=target
)
transpiled_circuit = transpiler.run(transpiled_circuit)
# We group all commuting observables
# These groups are the Pauli X, Y and Z operators on individual qubits
observables_x = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "X" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
observables_y = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "Y" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
observables_z = [
SparsePauliOp(id[:i] + "Z" + id[(i + 1) :]).apply_layout(
transpiled_circuit.layout
)
for i in range(num_qubits)
]
# We define the primitive unified blocs (PUBs) consisting of the embedding circuit,
# set of observables and the circuit parameters
pub_x = (transpiled_circuit, observables_x)
pub_y = (transpiled_circuit, observables_y)
pub_z = (transpiled_circuit, observables_z)
# We define and run the estimator to obtain <X>, <Y> and <Z> on all qubits
estimator = Estimator(options=options)
job = estimator.run([pub_x, pub_y, pub_z])
jobs_test.append(job)
Test data progress: 100%|██████████| 74/74 [00:13<00:00, 5.56it/s]
Maaari nating kunin ang mga resulta tulad ng dati.
if run_experiment:
for i in tqdm.tqdm(
range(len(test_data)), desc="Retrieving test data results"
):
# Completed job
job = jobs_test[i]
# Job results
job_result_x = job.result()[0].data.evs
job_result_y = job.result()[1].data.evs
job_result_z = job.result()[2].data.evs
# Record <X>, <Y> and <Z> on all qubits for the current datapoint
projections_test.append([job_result_x, job_result_y, job_result_z])
Hakbang 4: I-post-process at ibalik ang resulta sa gustong klasikal na format
Tukuyin ang projected quantum kernel
Ang projected quantum kernel ay tinukoy gamit ang sumusunod na kernel function:
Sa equation sa itaas, ang ay isang naaayos na hyperparameter. Ang ay mga entry ng kernel matrix na .
Gamit ang kahulugan ng 1-RDMs, makikita natin na ang bawat term sa loob ng kernel function ay maaaring suriin bilang , kung saan ang . Ang mga expectation value na ito ay eksakto ang mga nasukat natin sa itaas.
Sa pamamagitan ng scikit-learn, maaari nating kalkulahin ang kernel nang mas madali pa. Ito ay dahil sa madaling magamit na radial basis function ('rbf') kernel: . Una, kailangan lamang nating baguhin ang hugis ng bagong projected na mga training at test dataset sa dalawang dimensyonal na array.
Tandaan po na ang pagdaan sa buong dataset ay maaaring tumagal ng humigit-kumulang 80 minuto sa QPU. Upang masiguro na ang natitirang bahagi ng tutorial ay madaling maipatupad, nagbibigay din kami ng mga projection mula sa isang nakaraang eksperimento (na kasama sa mga file na na-download ninyo sa Download dataset code block). Kung ikaw ay nagsagawa ng pagsasanay sa iyong sarili, maaari kang magpatuloy sa tutorial gamit ang iyong sariling mga resulta.
if run_experiment:
projections_train = np.array(projections_train).reshape(
len(projections_train), -1
)
projections_test = np.array(projections_test).reshape(
len(projections_test), -1
)
else:
projections_train = np.loadtxt("projections_train.txt")
projections_test = np.loadtxt("projections_test.txt")
Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Maaari na tayong magpatakbo ng klasikal na SVM sa pre-computed na kernel na ito, at gamitin ang kernel sa pagitan ng mga test at training set para sa paghula.
# Range of 'C' and 'gamma' values as SVC hyperparameters
C_range = [0.001, 0.005, 0.007]
C_range.extend([x * 0.01 for x in range(1, 11)])
C_range.extend([x * 0.25 for x in range(1, 60)])
C_range.extend(
[
20,
50,
100,
200,
500,
700,
1000,
1100,
1200,
1300,
1400,
1500,
1700,
2000,
]
)
gamma_range = ["auto", "scale", 0.001, 0.005, 0.007]
gamma_range.extend([x * 0.01 for x in range(1, 11)])
gamma_range.extend([x * 0.25 for x in range(1, 60)])
gamma_range.extend([20, 50, 100])
param_grid = dict(C=C_range, gamma=gamma_range)
# Support vector classifier
svc = SVC(kernel="rbf")
# Define the cross validation
cv = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=10)
# Grid search for hyperparameter tuning (q: quantum)
grid_search_q = GridSearchCV(
svc, param_grid, cv=cv, verbose=1, n_jobs=-1, scoring="f1_weighted"
)
grid_search_q.fit(projections_train, train_labels)
# Best model with best parameters
best_svc_q = grid_search_q.best_estimator_
print(
f"The best parameters are {grid_search_q.best_params_} with a score of {grid_search_q.best_score_:.4f}"
)
# Test accuracy
accuracy_q = best_svc_q.score(projections_test, test_labels)
print(f"Test accuracy with best model: {accuracy_q:.4f}")
Fitting 10 folds for each of 6622 candidates, totalling 66220 fits
The best parameters are {'C': 8.5, 'gamma': 0.01} with a score of 0.6980
Test accuracy with best model: 0.8108
Klasikal na benchmarking
Maaari tayong magpatakbo ng klasikal na SVM na may radial basis function bilang kernel nang hindi gumagawa ng quantum projection. Ang resultang ito ang ating klasikal na benchmark.
# Support vector classifier
svc = SVC(kernel="rbf")
# Grid search for hyperparameter tuning (c: classical)
grid_search_c = GridSearchCV(
svc, param_grid, cv=cv, verbose=1, n_jobs=-1, scoring="f1_weighted"
)
grid_search_c.fit(train_data, train_labels)
# Best model with best parameters
best_svc_c = grid_search_c.best_estimator_
print(
f"The best parameters are {grid_search_c.best_params_} with a score of {grid_search_c.best_score_:.4f}"
)
# Test accuracy
accuracy_c = best_svc_c.score(test_data, test_labels)
print(f"Test accuracy with best model: {accuracy_c:.4f}")
Fitting 10 folds for each of 6622 candidates, totalling 66220 fits
The best parameters are {'C': 10.75, 'gamma': 0.04} with a score of 0.7830
Test accuracy with best model: 0.7432
Apendiks: I-verify ang potensyal na quantum advantage ng dataset sa mga gawain ng pag-aaral
Hindi lahat ng dataset ay nag-aalok ng potensyal na kalamangan mula sa paggamit ng PQKs. Mayroong ilang teoretikal na hangganan na maaaring gamitin bilang paunang pagsubok upang makita kung ang isang partikular na dataset ay makikinabang mula sa PQKs. Upang masukat ito, tinukoy ng mga may-akda ng Power of data in quantum machine learning [2] ang mga dami na tinutukoy bilang klasikal at quantum na model complexities at geometric separation ng mga klasikal at quantum na modelo. Upang asahan ang potensyal na quantum advantage mula sa PQKs, ang geometric separation sa pagitan ng mga klasikal at quantum-projected na kernel ay dapat na humigit-kumulang sa order ng , kung saan ang ay ang bilang ng mga training sample. Kung natutugunan ang kondisyong ito, magpapatuloy tayo sa pagsuri ng mga model complexity. Kung ang klasikal na model complexity ay nasa order ng habang ang quantum-projected na model complexity ay mas maliit nang malaki kaysa sa , maaari tayong umasa ng potensyal na kalamangan mula sa PQK. Ang geometric separation ay tinukoy tulad ng sumusunod (F19 sa [2]):
# Gamma values used in best models above
gamma_c = grid_search_c.best_params_["gamma"]
gamma_q = grid_search_q.best_params_["gamma"]
# Regularization parameter used in the best classical model above
C_c = grid_search_c.best_params_["C"]
l_c = 1 / C_c
# Classical and quantum kernels used above
K_c = rbf_kernel(train_data, train_data, gamma=gamma_c)
K_q = rbf_kernel(projections_train, projections_train, gamma=gamma_q)
# Intermediate matrices in the equation
K_c_sqrt = sqrtm(K_c)
K_q_sqrt = sqrtm(K_q)
K_c_inv = inv(K_c + l_c * np.eye(K_c.shape[0]))
K_multiplication = (
K_q_sqrt @ K_c_sqrt @ K_c_inv @ K_c_inv @ K_c_sqrt @ K_q_sqrt
)
# Geometric separation
norm = np.linalg.norm(K_multiplication, ord=np.inf)
g_cq = np.sqrt(norm)
print(
f"Geometric separation between classical and quantum kernels is {g_cq:.4f}"
)
print(np.sqrt(len(train_data)))
Geometric separation between classical and quantum kernels is 1.5440
13.114877048604
Ang model complexity ay tinukoy tulad ng sumusunod (M1 sa [2]):
# Model complexity of the classical kernel
# Number of training data
N = len(train_data)
# Predicted labels
pred_labels = best_svc_c.predict(train_data)
pred_matrix = np.outer(pred_labels, pred_labels)
# Intermediate terms
K_c_inv = inv(K_c + l_c * np.eye(K_c.shape[0]))
# First term
first_sum = np.sum((K_c_inv @ K_c_inv) * pred_matrix)
first_term = l_c * np.sqrt(first_sum / N)
# Second term
second_sum = np.sum((K_c_inv @ K_c @ K_c_inv) * pred_matrix)
second_term = np.sqrt(second_sum / N)
# Model complexity
s_c = first_term + second_term
print(f"Classical model complexity is {s_c:.4f}")
Classical model complexity is 1.3578
# Model complexity of the projected quantum kernel
# Number of training data
N = len(projections_train)
# Predicted labels
pred_labels = best_svc_q.predict(projections_train)
pred_matrix = np.outer(pred_labels, pred_labels)
# Regularization parameter used in the best classical model above
C_q = grid_search_q.best_params_["C"]
l_q = 1 / C_q
# Intermediate terms
K_q_inv = inv(K_q + l_q * np.eye(K_q.shape[0]))
# First term
first_sum = np.sum((K_q_inv @ K_q_inv) * pred_matrix)
first_term = l_q * np.sqrt(first_sum / N)
# Second term
second_sum = np.sum((K_q_inv @ K_q @ K_q_inv) * pred_matrix)
second_term = np.sqrt(second_sum / N)
# Model complexity
s_q = first_term + second_term
print(f"Quantum model complexity is {s_q:.4f}")
Quantum model complexity is 1.5806
Mga Sanggunian
- Utro, Filippo, et al. "Enhanced Prediction of CAR T-Cell Cytotoxicity with Quantum-Kernel Methods." arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.22710 (2025).
- Huang, Hsin-Yuan, et al. "Power of data in quantum machine learning." Nature communications 12.1 (2021): 2631.